Abstract:

One of the most significant problems in interventional cardiology is a correct drug-support after held procedure. First of all it is the prevention of stent thrombosis - application of anticoagulants and antiaggregants. The variety of these drugs on sale constantly grows - that leads to have clear ideas of their properties.

Article presents the review of clinical researches devoted to the recently appeared and early not used in Russia, drug Angioks (Bivalirudin), which has the same efficiency as well-known drugs, but is more safe.

References

1.     Maraganore J.M., Bourdon P., Jablonski J., Ramachandran K.L., Fenton J.W. 2nd. Design and characterization of hirulogs: a novel class of bivalent peptide inhibitors of thrombin. Biochemistry. 1990; 29(30): 7095-101.

2.     Bates S.M., Weitz J.I. Direct thrombin inhibitors for treatment of arterial thrombosis: potential differences between bivalirudin and hirudin. Am. J. Cardiol. 1998; 82(8B): 12P-18P. Review.

3.     Sciulli T.M., Mauro V.F. Pharmacology and clinical use of bivalirudin. Ann. Pharmacother. 2002; 36(6): 1028-41. Review.

4.     Topol E.J., Bonan R., Jewitt D., Sigwart U., Kakkar V.V., Rothman M., de Bono D., Ferguson J., Willerson J.T., Strony J., et al. Use of a direct antithrombin, hirulog, in place of heparin during coronary angioplasty. Circulation. 1993; 87(5): 1622-1629.

5.     Bates E.R. Bivalirudin: an anticoagulant option for percutaneous coronary intervention. Expert. Rev. Cardiovasc. Ther. 2004; 2(2): 153-62. Review.

6.     Bittl J.A., Strony J., Brinker J.A., Ahmed W.H., Meckel C.R., Chaitman B.R., Maraganore J., Deutsch E., Adelman B. Treatment with bivalirudin (Hirulog) as compared with heparin during coronary angioplasty for unstable or postinfarction angina. Hirulog Angioplasty Study Investigators. N. Engl. J. Med. 1995; 333(12): 764-9.

7.     Bittl J.A., Chaitman B.R., Feit F., Kimball W., Topol E.J. Bivalirudin versus heparin during coronary angioplasty for unstable or postinfarction angina: Final report reanalysis of the Bivalirudin Angioplasty Study. Am. Heart. J.2001;142(6): 952-9.

8.     Lincoff A.M., KleimanN.S., Kottke-Marchant K., Maierson E.S., Maresh K., Wolski K.E., Topol E.J. Bivalirudin with planned or provisional abciximab versus low-dose heparin and abciximab during percutaneous coronary revascularization: results of the Comparison of Abciximab Complications with Hirulog for Ischemic Events Trial (CACHET). Am. Heart. J. 2002; 143(5): 847-53.

9.     Lincoff A.M., Bittl J.A., Harrington R.A., Feit F., Kleiman N.S., Jackman J.D., Sarembock I.J., Cohen D.J., Spriggs D., Ebrahimi R., Keren G., Carr J., Cohen E.A., Betriu A., Desmet W., Kereiakes D.J., Rutsch W., Wilcox R.G., de Feyter P.J., Vahanian A., Topol E.J. REPLACE-2 Investigators. Bivalirudin and provisional glycoprotein IIb/IIIa blockade compared with heparin and planned glycoprotein IIb/IIIa blockade during percutaneous coronary intervention: REPLACE-2 randomized trial. JAMA. 2003; 289(7):853-63. Erratum in: JAMA. 2003; 289(13):1638.

10.   Gibson C.M., Morrow D.A., Murphy S.A., Palabrica T.M., Jennings L.K., Stone PH., Lui H.H., Bulle T., Lakkis N., Kovach R., Cohen D.J., Fish P,  McCabe C.H., Braunwald E. TIMI Study Group. A randomized trial to evaluate the relative protection against post-percutaneous coronary intervention microvascular dysfunction, ischemia, and inflammation among antiplatelet and antithrombotic agents: the PROTECT-TIMI-30trial. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 2006; 47(12): 2364-73.

11.   Pinto D.S., Stone G.W., Shi C., et al. on behalf of the ACUITY Investigators. Economic evaluation of bivalirudin with or without glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibition versus heparin with routine glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibition for early invasive management of acute coronary syndromes. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 2008; 25: 1758-1768.

12.   Kastrati A., Neumann F.J., Schulz S., Massberg S. et al. Abciximab and heparin versus bivalirudin for non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction. N. Engl. J. Med. 2011; 365: 21: 1980-1989.

13.   Stone G.W., Witzenbichler B., Guagliumi G., Peruga J.Z., Brodie B.R., Dudek D., Kornowski R., Hartmann F., Gersh B.J., Pocock S.J., Dangas G., Wong S.C., Kirtane A.J., Parise H., Mehran R. HORIZONS-AMI Trial Investigators. Bivalirudin during primary PCI in acute myocardial infarction. N. Engl. J. Med. 2008; 358(21): 2218-30.

14.   Mahaffey K.W., Lewis B.E., Wildermann N.M., Berkowitz S.D., Oliverio R.M., Turco M.A., Shalev Y., Ver Lee P., Traverse J.H., Rodriguez A.R., Ohman E.M., Harrington R.A., Califf R.M. ATBAT Investigators. The anticoagulant therapy with bivalirudin to assist in the performance of percutaneous coronary intervention in patients with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (ATBAT) study: main results. J. Invasiv. Cardiol. 2003; 15(11): 611-6.

15.   Waksman R., Wolfram R.M., Torguson R.L., Okubagzi P., Xue Z., Suddath W.O., Satler L.F., Kent K.M. Switching from Enoxaparin to Bivalirudin in Patients with Acute Coronary Syndromes without ST-segment Elevation who Undergo Percutaneous Coronary Intervention. Results from SWITCH- a multicenter clinical trial. J. Invasiv. Cardiol. 2006; 18(8): 370-5.

16.   Andreas Koster, Bruce Spiess, Michael Jurmann, MD, Cornelius M. Dyke, Nicholas G. Smedira, MD, Sol Aronson and Michael A. Lincoff. Bivalirudin Provides Rapid, Effective, and Reliable Anticoagulation During Off-Pump Coronary Revascularization: Results of the «EVOLUTION OFF» Trial. Anesth Analg. 2006; 103(3): 540-4. 

Abstract:

Article presents the results of analysis of risk factors associated with early stent thrombosis after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) ir patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI). The study is designed as an observational cohort study prospectively including 140 patients with a PCI treated AMI admitted to our hospital. Patients were divided into two groups: with and without type 2 diabetes rnellitus (DM). A number of early stent thrombosis risk factors including a complete or not complete revascularization and myocardial blush grade during PCI, based on the predictive model were analyzed. The results of the study show that DM in patients with AMI who underwent PCI was not associated with a high risk of early stent thrombosis, however, incomplete revascularization was.

References

1.     Iakovou I., Schmidt T., Bonizzoni E., et al. Incidence, predictors, and outcome of thrombosis after successful implantation of drug-eluting stents. JAMA. 2005; 293: 2126-2130.

2.     McFadden E. P., Stabile E., Regar E., et al. Late thrombosis in drug-eluting coronary stents after discontinuation of antiplatelet therapy. Lancet. 2004; 364: 1519-21.

3.     Virmani R., Guagliumi G., Farb A., et al. Localized hypersensitivity and late coronary thrombosis secondary to a sirolimus-eluting stent: should we be cautious? Circulation. 2004; 109: 701-5.

4.     Keith A.A., Philippe Gabriel Steg., Kim A. Eagle, et al. For the GRACE investigators decline in rates of death and heart failure in acute coronary syndromes. JAMA. 2007; 297: 1892-1900.

5.     Iakovou I., Schmidt T., Bonizzoni E., Ge L. et al. Incidence, predictors, and outcome of thrombosis after successful implantation of drug-eluting stents. JAMA. 2005; 293(17): 2126-30.

6.     Carr M. E. Diabetes mellitus: a hypercoagulable state. J. Diabetes Complications. 2001; 15: 44-54.

7.     Georgios Sianos, Marie-AngMe Morel, Arie Pieter Kappetein The SYNTAX Score: an angiographic tool grading the complexity of coronary artery disease. Eurolnterv. 2005; 1: 219-227.

8.     Petrosjan Ju S, Ioseliani D G. O summarnoj ocenke sostojanija koronarnogo rusla u bol'nyh ishemicheskoj bolezn'ju serdca. [Complex estimation of coronary arteries condition in patients with CAD.]. Kardiologija. 1976; 12(16): 41-46 [In Russ].

9.     Svilaas T. Thrombus aspiration during primary percutaneous coronary intervention. N. Engl. J. Med. 2008; 358: 557.

10.   Mauri L., Hsieh W., Massaro J. M. et al. Stent thrombosis in randomized clinical trials of drug-eluting stents. N. Engl. J. Med. 2007; 356: 1020-9.

11.   Rebrova O. Ju. Statisticheskij analiz medicinskih dannyh. [Statistic analysis of medical data]. Izd. Media Sfera. Moskva. 2003 [In Russ].

12.   Cockcroft D. W., Gault M. H. Prediction of creatinine clearance from serum creatinine. Nephron. 1976; 16: 31-41.

13.   Norhammar A., Malmberg K., et al. Diabetes mellitus: the major risk factor in unstable coronary artery disease even after consideration of the extent of coronary artery disease and benefits of revascularization. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 2004; 43(4): 585-91.

14.   Haim D. Danenberg, Greghana Marincheva, Boris Varshitzki, Hisham Nassar, Chaim Lotan Stent Thrombosis: A Poor Man's Disease? IMAJ. 2009; 11: 529-532.

15.   Isaac Moscoso, Lazaro Claudiovino Garcia, Gilvan Oliveira Dourado, et al. Influence of Diabetes Mellitus on Immediate Results of Coronary Stent: NationalCenter for Cardiovascular Interventions (CENIC) Data Analysis Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia. 2008; 86: 24-35.

16.   Aoki J., Lansky A. J., Mehran R. et al. Early stent thrombosis in patients with acute coronary syndromes treated with drug-eluting and bare metal stents: the Acute Catheterization and Urgent Intervention Triage Strategy trial. Circulation. Febr. 10, 2009; 119(5): 687-98.

17.   Shaw R. E., Anderson. V., Brindis R.G. Development of a risk adjustment mortality model using the American College of Cardiology-National Cardiovascular Data Registry (ACC-NCDR) Experience: 1998-2000. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 2002; 39: 1104-12.

Abstract:

In 2010, Kawasaki T et al. presented a modification of the bifurcation technique named «culotte» - «cross-stenting» technique. The purpose of this technique - minimization of metal overlap in the proximal part of the main branch and, thus, reducing the risk of stent thrombosis and restenosis. In this article, we have present a case report of successful application of «cross-stenting» technique. Also we have described technical features of this technique and principles of choice stent for the side branch. 
 

References 

1.    Erglis A., Kumsars I., Niemela M., Kervinen K., Maeng M. et al. Randomized comparison of coronary bifurcation stenting with the crush versus the culotte technique using sirolimus eluting stents: The Nordic Stent Technique Study. Circ. Cardiovasc. Intervent. 2009; 2: 27-34.

2.    Chevalier B., Glatt B., Royer T., Guyon P. Placement of coronary stents in bifurcation lesions by the «culotte» technique. Am J. Cardiol. 1998; 82: 943-949.

3.    Hildick-Smith D., Lassen J.F., Albiero R., Lefevre Th., Darremont O., Pan M., Ferenc M., Stankovic G., Louvard Y. Consensus from the 5th European Bifurcation Club meeting. Eurolntervention. 2010; 6: 34-38.

4.    Iakovou I., Ge L, Colombo A. Contemporary stent treatment of coronary bifurcations. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 2008; 46: 1446-1455.

5.    Kawasaki T., Koga H., Serikawa T. Modified culotte stenting technique for bifurcation lesions: the cross-stenting technique. J. Invasive Cardiol. 2010; 22: 243-246.

6.    Examination of stent deformation and gap formation after complex stenting of left main coronary artery bifurcations using microfocus computed tomography. J.Interv. Cardiol. 2009; 22: 135-144.

Abstract:

Aim. To compare safety and efficiency of drug-eluting stents (DES) and bare metal stents (BMS) implantation for coronary artery disease (CAD).

Materials and methods. 230 patients with CAD were divided in 2 groups: patients in group 1 received DES; in group 2 we performed BMS implantation.

Results. Long-term results (over 12 months follow-up) of DES primary implantation reduces risk of the angiographic restenosis by 15% compared to BMS (р < 0,001).

Conclusions. Notwithstanding low basic risk of restenosis, DES demonstrate no statistically significant advantages in MACE rate. It is also shown that DES implantation is associated with higher mortality and greater risk of non-cardiac complications, related to prolonged antiplatelet therapy. Thus, decision of DES implantation should be made in consideration of the patients' tolerance for double antiplatelet therapy, risk of bleeding, possible elective surgery, as well as any pre-procedure immune system disturbances. 

References 

1.    Sigwart U., Puel J., Mirkovitch V., Joffre F. et al. Intravascular stents to prevent occlusion and restenosis after transluminal angioplasty.New. Engl. Med. 1987; 316: 701-706.

2.    Van der Giessen W.J., Lincoff A.M., Schwartz R.S.  et al.  Marked inflammatory sequel to implantation of biodegradable and nonbiode-gradable polymers in porcine coronary arteries. Circulation. 1996; 94: 1690-1697.

3.    Бокерия Л.А., Алекян Б.Г., Голухова Е.З. и др. Применение стентов с лекарственным антипролиферативным покрытием в лечении больных ишемической болезнью сердца. Креативная кардиология. 2007; 1:193-198.

4.    Befeyter PJ. Percutaneous coronary intervention for unstable coronary artery disease. Text-book of interventional cardiology, 4th ed. by Topol E. Philadelphia. W.B. Saunders Company. 2003: 183-199.

5.    Bauters C., Lablanche J.M., McFadden E.P. et al. Clinical characteristics and angiographic follow-up of patients undergoing early or late repeat dilation for a first restenosis. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 1992; 20: 845-848.

6.    Бабунашвили А.М., Юдин И.Е., Дундуа Д.П. и др. Стенты с лекарственным покрытием при лечении диффузных атеросклеротиче-ских поражений коронарных артерий. Актуальные вопросы болезней сердца и сосудов. 2007; 4: 57-63.

7.    Waters R.E. 3 cases following DES for in-stent-restenosis (at 16, 20, 43 mo) - shortly after interruption of antiplatelet Tx. Catheter. Car-diovasc. Interv. 2005; 4: 107-115.

8.    PeterJ., Fitzgerald S. etal. Is angiographic late loss still a worthwhile surrogate endpoint in DES trials? Circulation. 2006; 54: 237-291.